Critiquing a Clique Site :: Essays Papers

Critiquing a Clique Site Looking back, I realize that as a high school student, I was a member of a clique. I was in the â€Å"band geek† clique, but still, it was a clique. We had our own members, we snubbed some of those that didn’t belong in our group (well, the ones who had their own cliques and that snubbed us first), and we all got along well enough. This is what high school is about: groups. A high school student has to be in a group of some kind, or else something is wrong with that person in the eyes of other students. This is the way of the clique. That is why I have chosen to do my research paper on cliques, and I have chosen to do this paper for those people who know everything about the internet, and nothing about cliques. I found the site, http://www.mgh.org/wcc/teensite/adults/articles/cliques.html. This site deals with healthy choices for kids in grades six to eight, and was published by the Marquette General Hospital in 1998. This site is a good resource for parents a nd teens alike so they know how to deal with the pressure of cliques. The hardships of being in a clique can take their toll on a young teenager, first being part of the in group, then having a falling out and being enemies with those who were friends just days before. This is just one part of the dark side of cliques; the other, more worse part is being a scapegoat for a clique. This is usually a former member of the clique that was outcast, or it is an outsider that has been picked to be the target of humiliation by the clique. There is also the torment of being a former member no longer liked by the group. This ridicule is different for boys and girls: girls will most likely be ridiculed verbally, or will be given the silent treatment; boys will become the target of physical abuse. This site is to help parents learn how to deal with such treatment. The site says first for parents to be proactive. This will help them learn about their child’s social status, and will help them learn about their child’s friends. One of the best ways to find this information is to be active in the child’s class, volunteering for field trips, and helping out will give the parent some idea about what is going on in the class.

Nissan Planning New Fuel-cell Vehicle

The global environment has been afflicted to a considerable extent by the conventional combustion engines of the vehicles, creating certain problems of global interest like exhaust emission, global warming and increased dependence on fossil fuel. (Paul Nieuwenhuis, Peter Wells, 2003)It has been estimated that fossil fuels are a limited resource. Nissan has always played a key role in automotive industry and foreseen that mobility is an inevitable part of economic development of any country. Nissan has contributed his share by harnessing the technological strengths that has accumulated over many years of its dedication and ever-changing discoveries.The basic charm in the philosophy of fuel cell vehicle is in its environment friendliness. It is expected to play an evermore important role as a clean energy vehicle. Main feature of fuel cell vehicle is that electrical energy is obtained by the chemical reaction of hydrogen and water. In this reaction sole emission is water which is alrea dy the part of ecosystem means least or almost no pollution. The electrical energy obtained in this manner will be utilized to get it converted into mechanical driving force by a number of engineering processes. (Lloyd Dixon, Isaac Porche, Jonathan Kulick, 2002).The Nissan FCV employs elements of a variety of technologies, including electric vehicle (EV), hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and compressed natural gas vehicle (CNGV) technologies.Nissan's FCV applies technologies that have been developed in Nissan, such as lithium ion batteries and high voltage electric systems for electric vehicles, control technologies for hybrid vehicles and high pressure gas storage systems for CNGV. Nissan has been developing FCVs that endeavors to accomplish outstanding environmental and energy-saving capacity. (Geographical, 2003)Nissan Canada Inc. (NCI) declared in February 2006, a program that will put its newest fuel cell-equipped vehicle to the test trial for analysis. The new seventy mega Pasca l (MPa) high-pressure hydrogen-powered Nissan X-Trail FCV (fuel cell vehicle) was at home in Canada for testing, which will take place in the vicinity of the Greater Vancouver. The Nissan X-Trail FCV encloses a hydrogen fuel cylinder manufactured by Dynetek Industries Ltd. of Calgary, Alta. The important thing about this cylinder is that it has been built in Canada.The vehicle is under test at Surrey, B.C.-based Powertech Labs Inc., an entirely owned auxiliary of BC Hydro, in collaboration with Fuel Cells Canada. Fuel Cells Canada administers the Hydrogen Highway, a synchronized, large-scale presentation and utilization program intended to accelerate the commercialization of hydrogen and fuel-cell technologies. Nissan joined these organizations in Surrey to start the testing.â€Å"Through Nissan's advances in hydrogen fuel cell technology, we hope to improve the practicality of fuel cells as a future clean power source,†These are the words uttered by John Junker-Andersen, Dir ector, Parts, Service and Quality Assurance at NCI. He further added,â€Å"Together with the assistance of Powertech and BC Hydro, we are working hard to make the benefits of fuel cells and their promise of high efficiency and zero emissions a viable reality.†A fuel cell vehicle is in consequence an electric vehicle, using a fuel cell to alter hydrogen and oxygen into electricity. The electricity is produced by a chemical reaction inside the fuel cell stack when hydrogen from the fuel cylinder merges with oxygen in air. The only by-product is water, making FCVs completely emissions-free. Robb Thompson, Dynetek Industries Ltd said,â€Å"With partners such as Nissan and BC Hydro, we are able to test compressed hydrogen in real world situations,†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Through these tests, we have demonstrated that compressed hydrogen is the best commercially suitable alternative for the success of the hydrogen economy.†nyne-ngvp.orgNissan will test the vehicle in a number of enviro nments and drive cycles, including moderate cold-weather, high-speed hill climbs and highway driving, to evaluate the vehicle's capabilities and the hydrogen fuel system's performance.Livio Gambone, Manager, Vehicle Programs at Powertech said,â€Å"As members of the Hydrogen Highway(TM), we are pleased to support Nissan's vehicle testing program,†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Our climate and geography, plus access to our seventy MPa hydrogen filling station, make the Vancouver area the best and only place to test the viability and endurance of this FCV.†The seventy MPa high-pressure hydrogen-powered Nissan X-Trail FCV is the company's most-recent developmental fuel cell vehicle. Equipped with the first-ever Nissan-constructed fuel cell stack, the X-Trail FCV also boasts a more compact design and increased power. A previous 2003 model offered a cruising range of 350 km, but thanks to improved stack efficiency and a 30 percent increase in the high-pressure Dynetek hydrogen cylinder's storage ca pacity, the new X-Trail FCV is expected to achieve a cruising range of more than 500 km.John Tak, President and CEO, Fuel Cells Canada said,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We applaud Nissan Canada's decision to test their newest hydrogen powered fuel cell vehicle along the Hydrogen Highway(TM),† â€Å"As a world-leading centre for hydrogen and fuel cell expertise, British Columbia's Hydrogen Highway(TM) is an ideal proving ground to test and demonstrate these technologies.†Nissan has been working on FCV development since 1996. In addition to design and engineering work conducted in Japan, extensive testing and development has also been conducted in other markets, including the United States, where Nissan is a member of the California Fuel Cell Partnership (CaFCP). About Nissan Canada Inc. Nissan Canada Inc. is the Canadian sales, marketing and distribution subsidiary of Nissan Motor Limited and Nissan North America, Inc. With offices in Vancouver (BC), Mississauga (ON), and Kirkland (QC), N issan Canada directly employs two hundred and ninety staff, while one hundred and forty six independent businesses hold exclusive Nissan dealerships and twenty nine hold exclusive Infinity dealerships. (Jim Motavalli, 2003).Ten years devotion of Nissan for fuel-cell research has evolved as the latest FCV X-Trail sport/utility vehicle. Nissan engineered and assembled a fuel stack in-house and its most recent unit manages to squeeze the stack’s sophisticated technology in a smaller and lighter package. The new stack develops 120 horse power—35 horse power more than the one fixed to the previous 2003 FCV X-Trail. As a consequence the new model put forward better linear speeding up and response, higher top speed too.Fuel cell packaging has gifted the new vehicle with more freed passenger space. The lithium-ion battery pack, that is stored under the trunk floor, is also built smaller, permitting for more goods room. In addition to this the smaller fuel-cell unit releases 40 percent extra space under the front seats.The considerable egg shaped hydrogen tank, which is lined by aluminium in its inner wall and strengthened with carbon fiber in its outer covering posed substantial packaging problem. Nissan has resolved it by placing it under the rear seats with resultant diminished headroom. The texture of the new tank provides it with greater accommodative capacity imparting thirty percent more hydrogen storage capacity that has a great impact on vehicle cruising mileage, sometimes attaining three hundred and twelve miles.The vehicle X-trial has been observed efficient on the road. Drive of this car is as easy operative as selective drive and tapping into the zero-emission power once the onboard computer system indicates the green signal. Nissan has manufactured the FCV X-trail to bestow the drivers a feeling of normal driving experience a part from the apparent lack of a noxious exhaust. In fact the car is being propelled by the electrical energy generat ed as a result of discussed chemical reaction. Since a train-like motor sound is audible from the background, however it is never annoying. (Robert L. Olson, 2003).The X-Trail accelerates readily up to a seventy mile per hour cruising speed and easily achieves a ninety three miles per hour top speed.Japanese government has approved public road testing and leasing of the Nissan’s latest fuel cell vehicles due to  Nissan’s determined hard work and research in the field of fuel cell technology. Let us see when Nissan markets its matchless vehicle for the use of consumers.References:Geographical (2003). Cleaning Up the World's Exhaust Pipes: They're Quiet, Efficient, Run on Renewable Energy Sources and Their Exhaust Is Just a Cloud of Water Vapour. Could the Rise of Fuel-Cell Vehicles Spell the End of the Internal Combustion Engine? Magazine article; Vol. 75, AugustJack Doyle (2000). Taken for a Ride: Detroit's Big Three and the Politics of Pollution; Four Walls Eight Wi ndowsJim Motavalli (2003). Power Plays: Fuel Cells Are Reaching the Market, in What Could Be a $100 Billion Industry; E, Vol. 14, JanuaryLloyd Dixon, Isaac Porche, Jonathan Kulick (2002). Driving Emissions to Zero: Are the Benefits of California's Zero Emission Vehicle Program Worth the Costs; RandPaul Nieuwenhuis, Peter Wells (2003). The Automotive Industry and the Environment: A Technical, Business and Social Future; CRC PressRobert L. Olson (2003). The Promise and Pitfalls of Hydrogen Energy: Nonpolluting and Renewable, Hydrogen Energy Holds Great Promise as an Energy Alternative in the Future. Here's a Look at What's Right about Hydrogen Energy- and How It Can Go Wrong; The Futurist, Vol. 37, Julynyne-ngvp.org Nissan Planning New Fuel-cell Vehicle The global environment has been afflicted to a considerable extent by the conventional combustion engines of the vehicles, creating certain problems of global interest like exhaust emission, global warming and increased dependence on fossil fuel. (Paul Nieuwenhuis, Peter Wells, 2003)It has been estimated that fossil fuels are a limited resource. Nissan has always played a key role in automotive industry and foreseen that mobility is an inevitable part of economic development of any country. Nissan has contributed his share by harnessing the technological strengths that has accumulated over many years of its dedication and ever-changing discoveries.The basic charm in the philosophy of fuel cell vehicle is in its environment friendliness. It is expected to play an evermore important role as a clean energy vehicle. Main feature of fuel cell vehicle is that electrical energy is obtained by the chemical reaction of hydrogen and water. In this reaction sole emission is water which is alrea dy the part of ecosystem means least or almost no pollution. The electrical energy obtained in this manner will be utilized to get it converted into mechanical driving force by a number of engineering processes. (Lloyd Dixon, Isaac Porche, Jonathan Kulick, 2002).  The Nissan FCV employs elements of a variety of technologies, including electric vehicle (EV), hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and compressed natural gas vehicle (CNGV) technologies.Nissan's FCV applies technologies that have been developed in Nissan, such as lithium ion batteries and high voltage electric systems for electric vehicles, control technologies for hybrid vehicles and high pressure gas storage systems for CNGV. Nissan has been developing FCVs that endeavors to accomplish outstanding environmental and energy-saving capacity. (Geographical, 2003)Nissan Canada Inc. (NCI) declared in February 2006, a program that will put its newest fuel cell-equipped vehicle to the test trial for analysis. The new seventy mega P ascal (MPa) high-pressure hydrogen-powered Nissan X-Trail FCV (fuel cell vehicle) was at home in Canada for testing, which will take place in the vicinity of the Greater Vancouver. The Nissan X-Trail FCV encloses a hydrogen fuel cylinder manufactured by Dynetek Industries Ltd. of Calgary, Alta. The important thing about this cylinder is that it has been built in Canada. The vehicle is under test at Surrey, B.C.-based Powertech Labs Inc., an entirely owned auxiliary of BC Hydro, in collaboration with Fuel Cells Canada. Fuel Cells Canada administers the Hydrogen Highway, a synchronized, large-scale presentation and utilization program intended to accelerate the commercialization of hydrogen and fuel-cell technologies. Nissan joined these organizations in Surrey to start the testing.â€Å"Through Nissan's advances in hydrogen fuel cell technology, we hope to improve the practicality of fuel cells as a future clean power source,†Ã‚  These are the words uttered by John Junker-Ande rsen, Director, Parts, Service and Quality Assurance at NCI. He further added,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Together with the assistance of Powertech and BC Hydro, we are working hard to make the benefits of fuel cells and their promise of high efficiency and zero emissions a viable reality.†A fuel cell vehicle is in consequence an electric vehicle, using a fuel cell to alter hydrogen and oxygen into electricity. The electricity is produced by a chemical reaction inside the fuel cell stack when hydrogen from the fuel cylinder merges with oxygen in air. The only by-product is water, making FCVs completely emissions-free. Robb Thompson, Dynetek Industries Ltd said,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"With partners such as Nissan and BC Hydro, we are able to test compressed hydrogen in real world situations,†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Through these tests, we have demonstrated that compressed hydrogen is the best commercially suitable alternative for the success of the hydrogen economy.†Nissan will test the vehicle in a number o f environments and drive cycles, including moderate cold-weather, high-speed hill climbs and highway driving, to evaluate the vehicle's capabilities and the hydrogen fuel system's performance.  Livio Gambone, Manager, Vehicle Programs at Powertech said,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"As members of the Hydrogen Highway(TM), we are pleased to support Nissan's vehicle testing program,†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Our climate and geography, plus access to our seventy MPa hydrogen filling station, make the Vancouver area the best and only place to test the viability and endurance of this FCV.†The seventy MPa high-pressure hydrogen-powered Nissan X-Trail FCV is the company's most-recent developmental fuel cell vehicle. Equipped with the first-ever Nissan-constructed fuel cell stack, the X-Trail FCV also boasts a more compact design and increased power. A previous 2003 model offered a cruising range of 350 km, but thanks to improved stack efficiency and a 30 percent increase in the high-pressure Dynetek hydrogen cylin der's storage capacity, the new X-Trail FCV is expected to achieve a cruising range of more than 500 km.John Tak, President and CEO, Fuel Cells Canada said,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We applaud Nissan Canada's decision to test their newest hydrogen powered fuel cell vehicle along the Hydrogen Highway(TM),† â€Å"As a world-leading centre for hydrogen and fuel cell expertise, British Columbia's Hydrogen Highway(TM) is an ideal proving ground to test and demonstrate these technologies.†Nissan has been working on FCV development since 1996. In addition to design and engineering work conducted in Japan, extensive testing and development has also been conducted in other markets, including the United States, where Nissan is a member of the California Fuel Cell Partnership (CaFCP). About Nissan Canada Inc. Nissan Canada Inc. is the Canadian sales, marketing and distribution subsidiary of Nissan Motor Limited and Nissan North America, Inc. With offices in Vancouver (BC), Mississauga (ON), and Kirkland (QC), Nissan Canada directly employs two hundred and ninety staff, while one hundred and forty six independent businesses hold exclusive Nissan dealerships and twenty nine hold exclusive Infinity dealerships. (Jim Motavalli, 2003).Ten years devotion of Nissan for fuel-cell research has evolved as the latest FCV X-Trail sport/utility vehicle. Nissan engineered and assembled a fuel stack in-house and its most recent unit manages to squeeze the stack’s sophisticated technology in a smaller and lighter package. The new stack develops 120 horse power—35 horse power more than the one fixed to the previous 2003 FCV X-Trail. As a consequence the new model put forward better linear speeding up and response, higher top speed too.Fuel cell packaging has gifted the new vehicle with more freed passenger space. The lithium-ion battery pack, that is stored under the trunk floor, is also built smaller, permitting for more goods room. In addition to this the smaller fuel-cell unit releases 40 percent extra space under the front seats.The considerable egg shaped hydrogen tank, which is lined by aluminium in its inner wall and strengthened with carbon fiber in its outer covering posed substantial packaging problem. Nissan has resolved it by placing it under the rear seats with resultant diminished headroom. The texture of the new tank provides it with greater accommodative capacity imparting thirty percent more hydrogen storage capacity that has a great impact on vehicle cruising mileage, sometimes attaining three hundred and twelve miles.The vehicle X-trial has been observed efficient on the road. Drive of this car is as easy operative as selective drive and tapping into the zero-emission power once the onboard computer system indicates the green signal. Nissan has manufactured the FCV X-trail to bestow the drivers a feeling of normal driving experience a part from the apparent lack of a noxious exhaust. In fact the car is being propelled by the electrica l energy generated as a result of discussed chemical reaction. Since a train-like motor sound is audible from the background, however it is never annoying. (Robert L. Olson, 2003).The X-Trail accelerates readily up to a seventy mile per hour cruising speed and easily achieves a ninety three miles per hour top speed.  Japanese government has approved public road testing and leasing of the Nissan’s latest fuel cell vehicles due to Nissan’s determined hard work and research in the field of fuel cell technology. Let us see when Nissan markets its matchless vehicle for the use of consumers.References:Geographical (2003). Cleaning Up the World's Exhaust Pipes: They're Quiet, Efficient, Run on Renewable Energy Sources and Their Exhaust Is Just a Cloud of Water Vapour. Could the Rise of Fuel-Cell Vehicles Spell the End of the Internal Combustion Engine? Magazine article; Vol. 75, AugustJack Doyle (2000). Taken for a Ride: Detroit's Big Three and the Politics of Pollution; Fo ur Walls Eight WindowsJim Motavalli (2003). Power Plays: Fuel Cells Are Reaching the Market, in What Could Be a $100 Billion Industry; E, Vol. 14, JanuaryLloyd Dixon, Isaac Porche, Jonathan Kulick (2002). Driving Emissions to Zero: Are the Benefits of California's Zero Emission Vehicle Program Worth the Costs; RandPaul Nieuwenhuis, Peter Wells (2003). The Automotive Industry and the Environment: A Technical, Business and Social Future; CRC PressRobert L. Olson (2003). The Promise and Pitfalls of Hydrogen Energy: Nonpolluting and Renewable, Hydrogen Energy Holds Great Promise as an Energy Alternative in the Future. Here's a Look at What's Right about Hydrogen Energy- and How It Can Go Wrong; The Futurist, Vol. 37, July

Questions On Rationale For Study Essay - 1884 Words

Table of contents 1. Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 2. Background -------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 3. Rationale for Study ----------------------------------------------------------------------4 4. Purpose and Aims -----------------------------------------------------------------------5 5. Literature Review ------------------------------------------------------------------------6 6. Research methods ---------------------------------------------------------------------10 7. Expected findings ----------------------------------------------------------------------10 8. References -------------------------------------------------------------------------------11 1. Introduction Individuals migrate to other countries to gain more comfortable lifestyle and learning the inter-cultural relationships. New arrivals have their worries about the situations connected to racial engagements during their daily life. The exclusion is not just existing in schools, but also happening in the workplace in host countries (Soutphommasane 2013). New immigrants, especially the people who hold permanent resettlement visas, experience a new environment and have to play a new social role. Since they have their cultural backgrounds, they might find it difficult to associate with the host countries concerning their gender, mother tongue, education, race, and socialShow MoreRelatedPresenting the Rationale for the Field-Study, Its Aims and Scope, the Research Questions, Significance, Methods, and Design of the Field-Study.11884 Words   |  48 PagesCHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION This chapter aims at presenting the rationale for the field-study, its aims and scope, the research questions, significance, methods, and design of the field-study. 1.1 Introduction It is a common assertion that materials in general play a crucial part in language learning (Robinson, 1991; Nunan, 1991). This accounts for the fact that discussions of the roles of materials appear in almost all books on course design. Materials not only provide learners with a wide rangeRead MoreEssay about Mat 510 Week 3 Discussion Question950 Words   |  4 PagesMAT 510 WEEK 3 DISCUSSION QUESTION To purchase this visit following link: https://coursehomework.com/product/mat-510-week-3-discussion-question/ Contact us at: HELP@COURSEHOMEWORK.COM MAT 510 WEEK 3 DISCUSSION QUESTION 1. Per the textbook, to eliminate or reduce non-value-added work is a core step in improving profitability or efficiency of the business process. 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Provide a rationale for your answer. The two groups were independent since they were formed based on gender with no intent to match subjects on any variable. The men and women selected didn’t share any relationship or live in the same location. 2. t = −3.15 describes the difference between women and men for what variable in this study? Is this value significant? Provide a rationale for your answerRead MoreMat 510 Mat510 Week 8 Case Study 2: Improving E-Mail Marketing Response683 Words   |  3 Pageshttp://workbank247.com/q/mat-510-mat510-week-8-homework-case-study-discussi/20075 http://workbank247.com/q/mat-510-mat510-week-8-homework-case-study-discussi/20075 Select one (1) project from your working or educational environment that you would apply the DOE technique for the work process. Next, analyze the overall manner in which you would utilize DOE to manage and improve the work process of the project in question. 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During these studies, physicians conducted treatments that were not permitted and caused severe injuries to the participants , and in some cases, participants died as a result of this. Prisoners were left to freeze to study more on hypothermia. Later, during December 9th, 1946 to August 20th, 1947 representatives establish a Nuremberg trial to prosecuted these doctorsRead MoreAnalysis Of Ost Program Components ( Activities And Goals )1119 Words   |  5 PagesThis research was guided by three questions that pertained to practitioner reports of OST program components (activities and goals), rationales for the components, and use of research as a rationale. Findings related to each question are discussed and then implications for closing the science-to-practice gap are considered. First, all 21 practitioners identified goals and activities for their programs. Common goals included providing a safe environment and developing academic and social-emotional

Seventh Amendment Jury Trials in Civil Cases

The Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution ensures the right to a trial by jury in any civil lawsuit involving claims valued at more than $20. In addition, the amendment prohibits the courts from overturning a jury’s findings of fact in civil suits. The amendment does not, however, guarantee a trial by jury in civil cases brought against the federal government. The rights of criminal defendants to a speedy trial by an impartial jury are protected by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The complete text of the Seventh Amendment as adopted states: In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. Note that the amendment as adopted ensures the right to a jury trial only in civil suits involving disputed amounts that â€Å"exceed twenty dollars. While that might seem a trivial amount today, in 1789, twenty dollars was more than an average working American earned in a month. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, $20 in 1789 would be worth about $529 in 2017, due to inflation. Today, federal law requires a civil suit must involve a disputed amount of over $75,000 to be heard by a federal court. What is a ‘Civil’ Case? Rather than prosecution for criminal acts, civil cases involve disputes such as legal liability for accidents, breach of business contracts, most discrimination and employment-related disputes, and other non-criminal disputes between individuals. In civil actions, the person or organization filing the lawsuit — called the â€Å"plaintiff† or â€Å"petitioner† — seeks payment of monetary damages, a court order preventing the person being sued — called the â€Å"defendant† or â€Å"respondent† — from engaging in certain acts, or both. How the Courts Have Interpreted the Sixth Amendment As is the case with many provisions of the Constitution, the Seventh Amendment as written provides few specific details of how it should be applied in actual practice. Instead, these details have been developed over time by both the federal courts, through their rulings and interpretations, along with laws enacted by the U.S. Congress. Differences in Civil and Criminal Cases The effects of these court interpretations and laws are reflected in some of the main differences between criminal and civil justice. Filing and Prosecuting Cases Unlike civil misdeeds, criminal acts are considered to be offenses against the state or the entire society. For example, while a murder typically involves one person harming another person, the act itself is considered to be an offense against humanity. Thus, crimes like murder are prosecuted by the state, with charges against the defendant filed by a state prosecutor on behalf of the victim. In civil cases, however, it is up to victims themselves to file the suit against the defendant. Trial by Jury While criminal cases almost always result in a trial by jury, civil cases — under the provisions of the Seventh Amendment — allow for juries in some instances. However, many civil cases are decided directly by a judge. While they are not constitutionally required to do so, most states voluntarily allow jury trials in civil cases. The amendment’s guarantee to a jury trial does not apply to civil cases involving maritime law, lawsuits against the federal government, or to most cases involving patent law. In all other civil cases, a jury trial can be waived at the consent of both the plaintiff and the defendant. In addition, the federal courts have consistently ruled that the Seventh Amendment’s prohibition of overturning a jurys findings of fact applies to civil cases filed in both federal and state courts, to cases in state courts that involve federal law, and to state court cases reviewed by federal courts. Standard of Proof While guilt in criminal cases must be proven â€Å"beyond a reasonable doubt,† liability in civil cases must generally be proven by a lower standard of proof known as â€Å"the preponderance of the evidence.† This is generally interpreted as meaning that the evidence showed that events were more likely to have occurred in one way than in another.  Ã‚   What does â€Å"preponderance of the evidence† mean? As with a â€Å"reasonable doubt† in criminal cases, the threshold of probability of proof is purely subjective. According to legal authorities, a â€Å"preponderance of the evidence† in civil cases may be as little as a 51% probability, compared to from 98% to 99% required to be proof â€Å"beyond a reasonable doubt† in criminal cases. Punishment Unlike criminal cases, in which defendants found guilty can be punished by time in prison or even the death penalty, defendants found to be at fault in civil cases generally face only monetary damages or court orders to take or not take some action. For example, a defendant in a civil case could be found to be from 0% to 100% responsible for a traffic accident and thus liable for payment of a corresponding percentage of monetary damages suffered by the plaintiff. In addition, defendants in civil cases have the right to file a counter-suit against the plaintiff in an effort to recover any costs or damages they may have incurred. Right to an Attorney Under the Sixth Amendment, all defendants in criminal cases are entitled to an attorney. Those who want, but cannot afford an attorney must be provided with one free of charge by the state. Defendants in civil cases must either pay for an attorney, or choose to represent themselves. Constitutional Protections of Defendants The Constitution affords defendants in criminal cases many protections, such as the Fourth Amendment’s protection against illegal searches and seizures. However, many of these constitutional protections are not provided to defendants in civil cases. This can generally be explained by the fact that because persons convicted of criminal charges face more severe potential punishment — from jail time to death — criminal cases warrant more protections and a higher standard of proof. Possibility of Civil and Criminal Liability While criminal and civil cases are treated very differently by the Constitution and the courts, the same acts can subject a person to both criminal and civil liability. For example, people convicted of drunk or drugged driving are typically also sued in civil court by the victims of accidents they may have caused. Perhaps the most famous example of a party facing criminal and civil liability for the same act is the sensational 1995 murder trial of former football superstar O.J. Simpson. Accused of killing his former wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ron Goldman, Simpson first faced a criminal trial for murder and later a â€Å"wrongful death† civil trial. On October 3, 1995, partly due to the different standards of proof required in criminal and civil cases, the jury in the murder trial found Simpson not guilty due to a lack of adequate proof of guilt â€Å"beyond a reasonable doubt.† However, on February 11, 1997, a civil jury found by a â€Å"preponderance of the evidence† that Simpson had wrongfully caused both deaths and awarded the families of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman a total of $33.5 million in damages. Brief History of the Seventh Amendment Largely in response to the Anti-Federalist party’s objections to the lack of specific protections of individual rights in the new Constitution, James Madison included an early version of the Seventh Amendment as part of the proposed â€Å"Bill of Rights† to Congress in the spring of 1789. Congress submitted a revised version of the Bill of Rights, at the time composed of 12 amendments, to the states on September 28, 1789. By December 15, 1791, the required three-fourths of the states had ratified the 10 surviving amendments of the Bill of Rights, and on March 1, 1792, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced the adoption of the Seventh Amendment as a part of the Constitution. Seventh Amendment Key Takeaways The Seventh Amendment ensures the right to a trial by jury in civil cases.The amendment does not guarantee a trial by jury in civil suits brought against the government.In civil cases, the party filing the lawsuit is called the â€Å"plaintiff† or â€Å"petitioner.† The party being sued is called the â€Å"defendant† or â€Å"respondent.†Civil cases involve disputes over non-criminal acts such as legal liability for accidents, breaches of business contracts, and illegal discrimination.The standard of proof required in civil cases is lower than in criminal cases.All parties involved in civil cases must provide their own lawyers.Defendants in civil cases are not afforded the same constitutional safeguards as defendants in criminal cases.While not constitutionally required to do so, most states comply with the provisions of the Seventh Amendment.A person may face both civil and criminal trials for the same act.The Seventh Amendment is part of the U.S. Constit ution’s Bill of Rights as ratified by the states on December 15, 1791.

My Community Service At An Elementary School - 2022 Words

I did my community service at an elementary school called daily academy and I taught art to multiple grades. I needed a lesson plan that multiple grade groups could benefit from which lead to my research question; how can two different grade groups learn from the same lesson plan? multi-grade classrooms use lesson plans the entire class can benefit from, like the the one I created, multi grade classrooms have been around as long as the American school system has. My question came from my experience working at an after school teaching program teaching children from kindergarten to sixth grade; I had to teach multiple grade groups at a time, which lead me to creating a lesson plans that would benefit the entire class. I had to keep in mind according to my research; each student s attention span is a minute longer than their age, the age of a student doesn’t determine their ability, and when pairing students to work together, to think about their strengths and weaknesses and be s ure the exercise will benefit all students involved in each lesson. I did not have that much experience with multi-grade classrooms, it was a new concept for me to understand; I looked on many different websites for teachers who teach multi-age classrooms; on these websites I looked for multi-age lesson plans so I could get an idea on how to I would go about preparing my multi-age lesson plans for my class. Eventually I created many different lesson plans I could use in the classroom when I started myShow MoreRelatedVolunteer in a Elementary School Essay600 Words   |  3 PagesMildred Rivas 11-29-2010 Social Justice Volunteering in an elementary school Volunteering is a fulfilling experience. 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Ancient Rome vs Ancient Greece Free Essays

In Rome, there are three social classes, arranged according to wealth; Patricians, Plebeians, and Slaves. Patricians are the upper class citizens; they are very wealthy and highly educated. They make up the majority of the senate and therefore control the laws. We will write a custom essay sample on Ancient Rome vs Ancient Greece or any similar topic only for you Order Now Plebeians are the poor, lower-class citizens. They greatly outnumber the Patricians, make up most of the army, and pay most of the taxes. They are not allowed to marry Patricians or take part In government. Slaves are at the bottom of the Roman social order; they make up over 25% of Romeos population, and are essential to Its survival. Wealthy citizens often own many slaves, which they use to complete various tasks around the home. They consisted of prisoners of war, Plebeians whom were In debt, or children born of slaves. Slaves often work on farms, In mills, at shops, doing city construction, or are servants. Roman writer, Seneca, believes that masters should treat their slaves well, as a well-treated slave will work better for a good master rather than Just doing enough begrudgingly for someone who mistreats their slaves. Slaves can receive freedom from their masters if they mom up with enough money, or are released upon the master’s death. Women are not considered equal to men. Their primary duty is to care for their family. The amount of work that they do is correlated to the amount of wealth they have, with rich women usually having servants to do most of their work. Women from lower class families have to do daily chores on their own, or assisted by daughters. This usually includes washing dishes, sweeping floors, and cooking. Rome is home to some of the finest pieces of art in the world. This includes architecture, paintings, sculptures, and mosaics. The sculpture is the most important piece of artwork, with thousands of sculptures located all over Rome. If you’re looking for entertainment, Roman citizens often gather in The Coliseum to see fights between gladiators, slaves, prisoners, and wild animals. These fights are very violent, and therefore enjoyable. They only end when the loser is dead. Chariot racing at The Hippodrome is also very popular in Rome. The Coliseum, The Pantheon, and Circus Maximum, are mongo some of Romeos grandest buildings. Greece: The Greek social structure is broken Into three groups; citizens, emetics, and slaves. A citizen Is born of Athenian parents, and they are the most powerful group In Greece. After compulsory service In the army, they often became government officials, and took part in Jury service. A emetic Is of foreign birth and has migrated to Athens to trade or practice craft. They must pay taxes and are sometimes required to serve In the army, despite this, they can never achieve the full rights of a excellent. This Includes the ability to own houses, and the ability to speak In court. Slaves were servants and laborers without any legal rights. Slaves can be prisoners of war, or bought from slave traders. These social statuses only apply to men, as women adopt their social status from their husband. Women In Greece are not permitted to take part in public life, making it a prime destination for the whole family! Greece is the sculpture is our preferred form of artistic expression, as it shows an expression of individuality, and the beauty of the human body. Aphids, Polytheists, and Myron are three of our most prized sculptures. One of the most distinguishable art feature of Greece, are our columns. They are crafted in three different styles; Doric is the simplest of these three styles. Ionic is thinner and more elegant with a scroll-like design. Corinthian is the rarest but most elaborate column, with many complex designs; it is often decorated with acanthus leaves. In Greece, there is no shortage of entertainment. We have invented the theatre, a place in which audiences come from all around to watch comedies or tragic plays. Greece is also home to the Olympic Games, the world’s premier sport event. Held in honor of Zeus, athletes from around Greece compete in various events in front of thousands of spectators. There are also many marvelous building in Greece, such as The Parthenon, a temple overlooking Athens. The Erection is a temple north of the Acropolis, dedicated to Athena and Poseidon. The Temple of Olympian Zeus is a temple in the center of Athens, with enormous columns. Greece is the premier destination of the World, so why not come by? How to cite Ancient Rome vs Ancient Greece, Papers

Battle Royal Essay Example For Students

Battle Royal Essay In Battle Royal, Ellison uses details of setting to create the mood of horror and repulsion. The horror begins when the narrator listens to a conversation between his father and grandfather, as his grandfather lay on his death bed. Son, after Im gone I want you to keep up the good fight. I never told you, but our life is a war and I have been a traitor all my born days, a spy in the enemys country ever since I give up my gun back in the Reconstruction. Live with your head in the lions mouth. I want you to overcome em with yeses, undermine em with grins, agree em to death and destruction, let em swoller you till they vomit or bust wide open 256. This statement had a great effect on the narrator, although he wasnt quite sure what it meant. It set a sense of fear in him. And whenever things went well for me I remember my grandfather and felt guilty and uncomfortable. It was as though I was carrying out his advice in spite of myself257. The narrator didnt plan on taking his grandfathers advice, and each time he found himself doing exactly that, it made him feel guilty. I felt guilt that in some way I was doing something that was really against the wishes of the white folks 257. This continued path of fear and hatred are carried out throughout the story. Ellison gives the reader the idea of hatred and horror when he sets the scene in the ballroom of the hotel. This is where the Battle Royal was to take place. The battle room was filled with smoke and in the center was the portable boxing ring that was to be used for the fight. On three sides of the ring, chairs were placed for the audience to observe the battle. These audience members were that of an upper-class status, bankers, lawyers, judges, doctors, fire chiefs, teachers, merchants. Even one of the more fashionable pastors 258. To top it off, they were all white as well. Each of them arrived in tuxedos wolfing down the buffet foods, drinking beer and whiskey and smoking black cigars 257. Ellison was taking us into the scene to show us the intimidation the narrator felt as he saw the audience members. It was extremely terrifying for the narrator. After the fighters were ordered to the ring, they were to be blindfolded. This gave the narrator a sense of fear and horror that he was not used to. He didnt like the darkness and the unknowing of what lied ahead. I felt a sudden fit of terror. I was unused to darkness. It was as though I had suddenly found myself in a dark room filled with poisonous cottonmouths 259. One of the audience members spoke to the narrator, See that boy over there?I want you to run across at the bell and give it to him right in the belly. If you dont get  him, Im going to get you 259. This was told to the other fighters as well. Not one person in the audience felt any sympathy for the boys. One yelled, I want to get that ginger-colored nigger. Tear him limb from limb 259. Others were kicking chairs and causing quite a commotion. This put an even greater horrifying feeling in the narrator. I wanted to see, to see more desperately than ever before 260. The blindfold was not allowing this. All it was doing was taking away what dignity he had. After the battle was complete, the portable ring was taken away and a small rug with coins, bills, and gold pieces was put in its place. Each of the fighters were told to sit around the rug as though they were of another species, perhaps from another planet. This set a sense of excitement in each of them, but at the same time they feared what was to come. Once the narrator heard the word Go 262 he went straight for the goods. I lunged for a yellow coin lying on the blue design of the carpet, touching it and sending a surprised shriek to join those rising around me. I tried frantically to remove my hand but could not let go. A hot, violent force tore through my body, shaking me like a wet rat. .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d , .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d .postImageUrl , .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d , .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d:hover , .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d:visited , .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d:active { border:0!important; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d:active , .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dickinson and Roe's nineteenth century english prose - critical essayThe rug was electrified 262-3. This didnt stop the crowd from yelling obscenities at the boys. Pick it up, goddamnit, pick it up!Go on, get it 263. This made the boys feel as though they had to do what was said, they feared the crowd more than they feared the electricity of the rug. Ellison uses this scene to show the repulsion the audience felt toward the fighters and the fear the fighters had of them. Throughout this story, Battle Royal, Ellison creates a mood of horror and repulsion toward the black fighters, especially toward the narrator. From the first scene next to the grandfathers death bed, to the money on the rug. He takes his readers to the fight to see just whats taking place, not only in the mind of the narrator, but in the minds of the upper-class white folks as well. By describing to the readers the details of each scene, he gives them a chilling sense of what its like to be horrified and hated.